Inappropriate policies

In the UK in 1993 a study concluded that misguided government policies since 1980 were to blame for frustrated expectations, increasing resentment and a refusal to comply with the law.

It has been estimated that as many as 18 million people were killed in China as a result of policies followed in pursuit of the Cultural Revolution between 1965 and 1976. Many of these had been deliberately killed. Since the 1950s, 80 millions had died there, their deaths being unnecessarily accelerated by Chinese policies, 40 million of them from hunger. In the years of the Great Leap Forward, there had been 40 million deaths, of whom 2 to 3 million had been executed. In 1957, up to 1 million people had been executed.

1. There will always be those who derive unfair benefits from a public policy, and those who suffer because of that public policy. It is impossible to draw a line that suits everyone.

1. Self-destructive government policy-making
2. Mismanagement
3. Human errors and miscalculations

1. Unrealistic policies
2. Unjustified military defence policies
3. Social environmental degradation from recreation and tourism
4. Self-interested government foreign policies
5. Rigid personnel hiring policies
6. Restrictive trade union policies concerning employment
7. Restrictive social policies
8. Restrictive macro-economic policies
9. Restrictive environmental policies
10. Policy shock
11. Neglect of environmental consequences of government policies
12. Intergovernmental organization mismanagement
13. Ineffectiveness of foreign aid
14. Ineffective educational policy decisions
15. Inappropriate transport policy
16. Inappropriate development policy
17. Inadequate governmental resource conservation policies
18. Inadequate governmental energy conservation policies
19. Inadequate fiscal policies
20. Inadequate economic policy-making
21. Inadequate credit policies
22. Inadequate adaptation of policy to educational difficulties
23. Imposition of national priorities on other countries
24. Failure to adapt general initiatives to specific needs
25. Failure of government intelligence services
26. Failure of development policies
27. Distortion of international trade by discriminatory government and private procurement policies
28. Detrimental international repercussions of domestic agricultural policies
29. Dependence of government revenue on inappropriate policies
30. Damage to the environment during national crises
31. Cost overruns in large-scale public programmes
32. Antagonism between employment policy and technical advance
33. Aggressive foreign policy

1. Unimplemented decisions
2. Public resentment at government policies
3. Policy disputes
4. Negative effects of family allowances
5. Natural environmental degradation from recreation and tourism
6. International status race
7. Inadequate implementation of plans and programmes against problems
8. Ecotourism
9. Difficult distribution decisions
10. Defective land use planning
11. Abuse in government policy

1. Undemocratic policy-making
2. Uncoordinated policy-making
3. Unavailability of appropriate expertise
4. Tokenism
5. Politicization of decision-making
6. Policy vacuum
7. Overgeneralized policy models
8. Over-reliance on economic interest groups by policy agencies
9. Non-recognition of problems
10. Misguided legal advice
11. Misapplication of research results
12. Messianic policy-making
13. Irresponsible policy-making
14. Irrelevant institutions
15. Ineffective decision-making processes
16. Inadequate public finance statistics
17. Inadequate models of socio-economic development
18. Inadequate information systems for international governmental decision-making processes
19. Inadequacy of governmental decision-making machinery
20. Employment of criminals in policy-making contexts
21. Constraint of inherited problems on policy innovation
22. Absence of clear priorities

1. Policy-making delays

1. Failure of government to apologize for errors
2. Diplomatic errors

1. Strategic planning
2. Reforming policy
3. Reducing policy-making errors
4. Exploiting policy-making errors
5. Directing determined priorities
6. Developing policy

1. Misguidance
2. Inappropriateness
3. Inadequacy
4. Error