Falsity

In diplomacy falsity may be the instrument to gain advantage: for example, the pro-Hitler non-aggression pact. In politics falsity may be employed in promises or in allegations concerning opponents. Optical illusions illustrate falsity in sense data. Supernatural phenomena, sightings of monsters and unidentified flying objects may be false perceptions. Overly-optimistic and overly-pessimistic outlooks falsify probable outcome anticipations. Polite behaviour may be an inculcation to practise falsification. Several crimes involve falsity: impersonation, signature forgery, hoaxes, currency counterfeiting, art forgery, 'confidence rackets', fraudulent claims for products, false arrest and, in some jurisdictions, transvestism.

1. The wise are pleased when they discover falsehood.

1. Deception

1. Living a lie
2. Inappropriate assumptions
3. Falsification of programme evaluations
4. False political evidence
5. False confessions
6. False claims
7. False alarms
8. Abuse of health welfare benefits

1. Lying
2. Incorrect information
3. General obstacles to problem alleviation
4. Fraud
5. Breach of promise

1. Unethical insurance practices

1. Propaganda
2. Historical forgery

1. Lying
2. Being truthful
3. Being fallacious

1. Fallacy