Vulnerability to long-term changes in precipitation patterns

During the last 30-40 years precipitation has increased in the higher latitude zones (35-70 degrees N), but has decreased in the lower latitudes.

1. Vulnerability to long-term climate cycles
2. Vulnerability of arid developing countries

1. Retreating snow lines
2. Increased surface runoff
3. Inadequate groundwater recharge

1. Inadequate rainfall
2. Excessive rainfall

1. Human-caused climate change

1. Adapting to climate change