State sanctioned torture

Political torture
Government sanctioned torture
Judicial torture

Nature

State sanctioned torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted by or at the instigation of a public official on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him (or from a third person) information or confession, punishing him for an act he has committed, or intimidating him or other persons. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to, lawful sanctions to the extent consistent with the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.

Background

State sanctioned torture emerged as a global concern in the aftermath of World War II, when revelations of systematic abuse by governments prompted the international community to confront its prevalence. The adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and later the UN Convention Against Torture (1984) reflected growing recognition of the problem’s scale, as documented cases from Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe highlighted its persistence despite legal prohibitions.

Incidence

Governments are producing progressively more sophisticated methods of torture, including mind-shattering and audio-visual techniques. Torture has become a science, with schools, research facilities and international exchanges of information. While governments universally and collectively condemn torture, more than a third of the world's governments have used or tolerated torture or ill-treatment of political prisoners in the 1980s. Recent incidents and allegations of political torture include psychiatric hospital internment in the USSR with varying levels of so-called 'treatments'; and Operation Demetrius in Ulster, Ireland, conducted by the UK, in which political detainees, according to the European Commission of Human Rights, were subject to five kinds of sensory deprivation and resulting trauma. Amnesty International reports from some countries cite singular instances of political torture, while, under certain regimes, it is so recurrent as to be institutional, with a paraphernalia of schools, instructors of interrogation by torture, and medical doctors acting in complicity. Abuses may also be committed by opposition groups.

A 1993 report found that a former student leader in the revolt at Tiananmen Square was sentenced by the Chinese government to 6 years of prison and consequent torture, which involved being burned with high-voltage cattle prods and being forced to stare motionless at a blank wall for 12-14 hours per day for weeks upon end.

In a 1980-1983 global survey, Amnesty International reports allegation of political torture in the following countries:

Claim

State-sanctioned torture is a grave violation of human rights and a stain on any society that permits it. It destroys lives, erodes trust in institutions, and undermines the rule of law. No government should ever legitimize such cruelty. Allowing torture not only dehumanizes victims but also corrupts those who perpetrate it. This abhorrent practice must be condemned and eradicated everywhere—our shared humanity demands nothing less.

Counter-claim

Authorities are obliged to defeat terrorists or insurgents who have put innocent lives at risk and who endanger both civil society and the state itself; and are therefore forced to resort to torture to obtain vital information.