Slander

Risk of slandering
Calumny

Nature

Defamation of character in speech - slander - is not usually a criminal offence (except in some jurisdictions in Australia and the USA) unless offensive words are blasphemous, seditious or obscene. It is not an actionable offence unless proof of 'special damage' is produced, such as the loss of advantage other than reputation. Slander must impute a punishable crime, a loathsome disease, adultery of a woman, or charges which would prejudice the plaintiff's profession. Under certain jurisdictions no distinction is made between libel and slander (as in Scotland) whereby the latter becomes actionable on grounds otherwise reserved for libel. Under other jurisdictions (non-actionable) slander includes written innuendo (such as in the USA).

Background

Slander has been recognized as a significant social and legal issue since ancient civilizations, with early codes such as the Code of Hammurabi addressing reputational harm. Its global importance grew alongside the expansion of mass media and, more recently, digital communication, which amplified the speed and reach of defamatory statements. International concern intensified as high-profile cases highlighted the profound personal, professional, and societal consequences of slander, prompting ongoing legal and ethical debates worldwide.

Incidence

Slander remains a pervasive issue globally, affecting individuals, organizations, and public figures across diverse societies. The rapid expansion of digital communication platforms has amplified the reach and impact of slanderous statements, often resulting in significant reputational, emotional, and financial harm. Legal systems in many countries report increasing numbers of slander cases, reflecting both heightened awareness and the ease with which false information can be disseminated.
In 2023, a high-profile case in South Korea involved a popular entertainer who was falsely accused of misconduct through online posts. The ensuing slander led to severe public backlash and professional consequences before the claims were disproven.