Geological hazards

Geophysical hazards
Telluric and tectonic disasters

Nature

Most geological processes, including the formation mineral bodies, are extremely slow, and even major tectonic movements are measured on the order of only centimetres per year. Few of these processes provide changes readily detectable in a decade. From time to time, however, they generate extreme natural events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. These, with landslides and snow avalanches, constitute geological hazards which emphasize the natural variability in environmental systems, remind human communities of the great power of natural forces, and test the abilities of people and nations to respond to them.

Background

Geological hazards have shaped human history, with early records of catastrophic earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides prompting ancient societies to document and mythologize such events. The global significance of these hazards emerged in the 20th century, as scientific advances enabled systematic monitoring and international collaboration. Landmark disasters—such as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption—catalyzed recognition of their widespread impacts and the necessity for coordinated risk assessment.

Incidence

The Mexico City earthquake of September 1985, killed approximately 5000 people, while the volcanic eruption that decimated Armero, Colombia (November 1985) claimed 25,000 lives.

Claim

Geological hazards are an urgent and critical problem that we cannot afford to ignore. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis threaten millions of lives and devastate entire communities. The destruction they cause is not only immediate but also long-lasting, crippling economies and displacing families. Failing to prioritize research, preparedness, and mitigation for geological hazards is reckless and endangers our collective future. We must act now to protect people and our planet.

Counter-claim

Frankly, the concern over geological hazards is vastly overblown. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides are rare events that barely impact most people’s daily lives. With modern technology and infrastructure, we can easily predict and mitigate their effects. There are far more pressing issues—like economic instability or healthcare—that deserve our attention and resources. Worrying about geological hazards is simply not a priority in today’s world.