Exploitation of casual workers

Discrimination against itinerant labour
Prejudicial treatment of contract labour

Nature

Casual workers, of whom there is a disproportionately high number of women, are paid less than their regularly employed counterparts; cannot participate in employees benefits; are largely excluded from the protection of labour legislation and trade union affiliation; and are shown, due to the declining purchasing power of their low wages, to have a high incidence of malnutrition. Entrepreneurs using casual workers tend to have difficulties in forecasting their budgets and to exploit such workers, who may well be a new kind of marginality that could easily lead to social unrest.

Background

The exploitation of casual workers emerged as a significant global concern during the late 20th century, as deregulation and the rise of informal economies exposed millions to insecure, low-paid, and unprotected employment. International attention intensified following ILO reports in the 1990s, which documented widespread abuses and the erosion of labour rights. Subsequent research and advocacy have highlighted the persistent vulnerability of casual workers, particularly in developing economies and rapidly changing labour markets.

Incidence

The exploitation of casual workers is a pervasive issue affecting millions globally, particularly in sectors such as agriculture, hospitality, retail, and the gig economy. Casual workers often face low wages, job insecurity, lack of social protection, and limited access to legal recourse. According to the International Labour Organization, over 60% of the world’s employed population are in informal or precarious work arrangements, making them especially vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.
In 2022, reports from India’s construction sector highlighted widespread exploitation of casual laborers, including wage theft, hazardous working conditions, and denial of basic rights. Investigations revealed that many workers, especially migrants, were paid below minimum wage and lacked access to healthcare or safety equipment.

Claim

The exploitation of casual workers is a grave injustice that demands urgent attention. These workers are often denied fair wages, job security, and basic rights, making them vulnerable to abuse and poverty. This exploitation perpetuates inequality and undermines the dignity of honest labor. Ignoring this issue is morally indefensible; society must act now to protect casual workers and ensure they receive the respect, protection, and compensation they rightfully deserve.

Counter-claim

The so-called "exploitation" of casual workers is grossly exaggerated and not a significant problem. Casual work offers flexibility, allowing individuals to choose when and how they work. Many people prefer these arrangements for the freedom they provide. Claims of widespread exploitation ignore the benefits and personal agency involved. Instead of focusing on this non-issue, attention should be directed toward real problems that genuinely impact society and the economy.