Excreting in public places

Public toilets in Europe had revenues of $500 million in 1992.

In the early 1980s, New York's transit authority began closing its 2,000 underground facilities because of vandalism. The lack of public facilities, combined with an increase in homelessness, has produced a "wave of public urination" in the city.

1. Unchanging sanitation practices
2. Lack of sanitation in rural areas
3. Disagreeable personal conditions

1. Insalubrity of animal excrement in urban environments
2. Excrement of birds

1. Pollution of water by infected faeces
2. Malodorous fumes
3. Hostile architecture

1. Urinary incontinence
2. Inadequate toilet facilities
3. Inadequate sanitation infrastructure
4. Homelessness
5. Faecal incontinence
6. Diseases of the genito-urinary system