Excessive replacement surgery

The first transplant surgery (kidney and bone-marrow) was performed in the 1950s. With the development of immunosuppressant drugs, tens of thousands of such operations are performed each year in the USA alone. Hip replacement operations in the USA have rose by 50% in the period between 1980 and 1989.

1. Unnecessary surgery

1. Unethical foetal surgery

1. Limited availability of therapeutic substances of human origin

1. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

1. Living with complications of surgery

1. Unnecessary
2. Expensive
3. Excess
4. Abuse