Defective municipal water delivery equipment

Because of low revenues and spiralling costs of purifying water for urban areas -- increasingly from lakes and reservoirs polluted by urban discharges and runoff -- local authorities may often neglect the maintenance of their water distribution systems, and delay repair or extension of systems into peri-urban areas outside the traditional distribution network. This can compound the possibility for water pollution and also contribute to cross-contamination of potable water supplies by wastewater or sewage.

In 1996 it was estimated that nearly half the water supplied to cities is lost because of leakage and wastage, often the result of neglect and profligacy. 'Unaccounted-for-water' in Nairobi, Kenya is estimated to be enough to supply all of Mombasa, Kenya's second largest city.

1. Inadequate water system infrastructure
2. Inadequate urban water supplies
3. Dysfunctional public utilities
4. Deteriorating physical infrastructure in cities

1. Leaks

1. Water pollution
2. Land subsidence
3. Lack of sanitation in cities

1. Limited plumbing material
2. Inadequate maintenance of infrastructure

1. Advancing infrastructure maintenance

1. Oversupply
2. Leak
3. Inadequacy
4. Failure
5. Deterioration
6. Deficiency
7. Defectiveness