Congenital syndromes affecting multiple systems

Multi-malformed infants are often the victims of genetic defects resulting in maldevelopment of the foetus. These may be linked to congenital or familial (inherited) diseases. They are also sensitive indicators of possible new teratogens. Various main constellations of malformation associations have been identified and so-called VATER-like associations characterized, composed of vertebral, anal, oesophageal and renal formations.